Methyl salicylate affects the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of apricot by regulating carotenoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolism.

The carotenoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolism were studied to explain the effect of methyl salicylate (MeSA) on the lipophilic antioxidant capacity (LAC) and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity (HAC) in apricot during postharvest storage. Our results indicated that the HAC of apricot was higher than LAC and mainly responsible for total antioxidant capacity of apricot. Preharvest spraying of MeSA (0.2 mmol L-1) could improve the value of HAC but declined LAC of apricot. The enhanced HAC in MeSA treated apricot was positively related to the increased content of phenolics, especially to (+)-catechin, which was catalyzed by the enzymes related to phenolic metabolism. While, the decline of LAC in apricot treated by MeSA could be attributed to the inhibition of carotenoids accumulation, which was regulated by carotenogenic genes. We concluded that MeSA could affect the lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacity of apricot by regulating carotenoid biosynthesis and phenolic metabolism.

Higher frequency of dairy intake is associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer: Results from a case-control study in Northern and Eastern China.

The association between dairy intake and breast cancer risk has not been well investigated, especially in the Chinese population. This study aimed to examine the association between the weekly frequency of dairy intake and the risk of breast cancer among women in Northern and Eastern China, and to investigate whether the association varied by hormone receptor status. A total of 1,286 cases of breast cancer and 1,461 controls were enrolled in this study. Dairy intake was obtained using a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Frequency of dairy intake per week was divided into four categories (<1 day/week, 1-2 days/week, 3-4 days/week and 5-7 days/week). Unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Stratified analyses were performed by residence, age, and education level. Separate analyses were also conducted for different estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status. This analysis revealed that weekly frequency of dairy intake was strongly inversely associated with breast cancer risk, with an adjusted OR for intake 5-7 days/week of 0.53 (95% CI=0.39-0.72, P<0.001 for trend). In the stratified analyses, women who consumed dairy 5-7 days/week had a lower risk of breast cancer in urban areas (OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.30-0.66, P<0.001 for trend), in the group 45-59 years old (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.26-0.60, P<0.001 for trend), and in the group educated to senior high school or above (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.25-0.59, P<0.001 for trend). There was an inverse association between the weekly frequency of dairy intake and the risk of ER+, PR+, and ER+PR+ breast cancer (all P<0.001 for trend). These results indicated that the weekly frequency of dairy intake was inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer among women in Northern and Eastern China.